System and Method for Use of Pattern Recognition in Assessing or Monitoring Vehicle Status or Operator Driving Behavior

ABSTRACT

A system and method which uses pattern recognition in assessing or monitoring a vehicle status and/or an operator&#39;s driving behavior. A vehicle, for use by an operator or driver, can be equipped with a data collection and assessment system. The system can comprise one or more data collection devices, e.g., accelerometers, which can be used to capture data and information, or otherwise measure vehicle actions. A pattern recognition module is configured with one or more defined operating patterns, each of which operating patterns reflects either a known change in vehicle status corresponding to, e.g., when a passenger has embarked or disembarked the vehicle, or a known vehicle operating or driving behavior. Information collected as events describing a current vehicle status or a current driving behavior can be compared with the known operating patterns.

RELATED APPLICATION DATA

This application is a continuation of U.S. Nonprovisional patentapplication Ser. No. 13/679,722, filed Nov. 16, 2012, entitled “Systemand Method for Use of Pattern Recognition in Assessing or MonitoringVehicle Status or Operator Driving Behavior; which application claimsthe benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.61/578,511, filed Dec. 21, 2011, and titled “System and Method for Useof Pattern Recognition in Assessing or Monitoring Vehicle Status orOperator Driving Behavior”. Each of these applications is incorporatedby reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention are generally related to telematics andrelated technologies as may be used in vehicle monitoring and otherapplications, and are particularly related to a system and method foruse of pattern recognition in assessing or monitoring a current statusof a vehicle, such as determining when an operator or a passenger hasembarked or disembarked the vehicle, and/or an operator's drivingbehavior.

BACKGROUND

Telematics generally refers to the integration of telecommunications andinformatics, and is often described in the context of sending andreceiving information about moving objects by means of telecommunicationdevices. A well-known use of telematics is in regard to vehicles, andwith control of moving vehicles, such as haulage trucks. devices such asGlobal Positioning Systems (GPS) can be used to provide additionalinformation beyond that provided by the vehicle itself. Telematics areof particular use in industries such as fleet management, which mightalso include tracking the location and operation of ships, trains, andplanes.

Information about vehicle usage also has a bearing on factors such asinsurance. Heavily-used vehicles are on the road more often, and thistype of information is useful for the insurance industry. Howevertelematics information such as that provided by GPS is largely macro innature, and does not necessarily reflect the micro-conditions ofday-to-day driving. As such, conventional telematics information isgenerally less pertinent for monitoring casual vehicle users, and istypically not intended for providing information of particular interestto insurers, such as the number of passengers in a vehicle at the timeof an accident. These are the general areas that embodiments of theinvention are intended to address.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Disclosed herein is a system and method which uses pattern recognitionin assessing or monitoring a vehicle status and/or an operator's drivingbehavior. A vehicle, for use by an operator or driver, can be equippedwith a data collection and assessment system. The system can compriseone or more data collection devices, e.g., accelerometers, which can beused to capture data and information, or otherwise measure vehicleactions. A data communication module enables communication of thecollected data and information, such as through the use of telematics,to one or more other systems, which can be local or onboard to thevehicle, or a remote system. A pattern recognition module is configuredwith one or more defined operating patterns, each of which operatingpatterns reflects either a known change in vehicle status correspondingto, e.g., when a passenger has embarked or disembarked the vehicle, or aknown vehicle operating or driving behavior. Information collected asevents describing a current vehicle status or a current driving behaviorcan be compared with the known operating patterns. In accordance with anembodiment, the information can then be used locally or communicated toan operator assessment and monitoring system or service, which canprovide additional functionality, such as ensuring a driver's compliancewith employment or other mandated driving requirements, or assessing adriver's suitability for insurance reasons, including, e.g., taking intoaccount a driver's reaction to variations in the road, cornering, andother driving situations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For the purpose of illustrating the invention, the drawings show aspectsof one or more embodiments of the invention. However, it should beunderstood that the present invention is not limited to the precisearrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 shows an illustration of a system which uses pattern recognitionin assessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator's drivingbehavior, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 2 shows another illustration of a system which uses patternrecognition in assessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator'sdriving behavior, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 3 shows another illustration of a system which uses patternrecognition in assessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator'sdriving behavior, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 4 shows an illustration of a system which uses pattern recognitionin assessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator's drivingbehavior, as it may be used with a vehicle and driver, in accordancewith another embodiment.

FIG. 5 shows another illustration of a system which uses patternrecognition in assessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator'sdriving behavior, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows an illustration of examples of data to be used with patternrecognition in assessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator'sdriving behavior, in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of a method of using pattern recognition inassessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator's drivingbehavior, in accordance with an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed herein is a system and method which uses pattern recognitionin assessing or monitoring events describing a current vehicle status,such as determining when an operator or a passenger has embarked ordisembarked the vehicle, and/or events describing an operator's currentdriving behavior. The information can be used locally or communicated toan operator assessment and monitoring system or service, which canprovide additional functionality, such as ensuring a driver's compliancewith employment or other mandated driving requirements, or assessing adriver's suitability for insurance reasons, including, e.g., taking intoaccount a driver's reaction to variations in the road, cornering, andother driving situations.

Although many of the illustrations provided herein describe embodimentsusing vehicles and accelerometers, it will be evident that the systemsand techniques described herein can be used with operator-controlleddevices other than vehicles, such as trains and ships, and with othertypes of data-collection devices.

FIG. 1 shows an illustration of a system which uses pattern recognitionin assessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator's drivingbehavior, in accordance with an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 1, inaccordance with an embodiment, a vehicle 102, for use by an operator ordriver 100, can be equipped with a data collection and assessment system104. The system can comprise one or more data collection devices 106(e.g., accelerometers or other measurement devices 110) that can be usedto capture data and information, or otherwise measure vehicle actions. Adata collection module 112 collects the data or information from thedata collection devices, while a data communication module 112 enablescommunication of the collected data and information, such as through theuse of telematics, to one or more other systems.

A pattern recognition module 118 is configured with one or more definedoperating patterns 120, each of which operating patterns reflects eithera known change in vehicle status corresponding to, e.g. when a passengerhas embarked or disembarked the vehicle, or a known vehicle operating ordriving behavior. For example, when an operator embarks a vehicle on thedriver's side, the vehicle responds in a physically-measurable manner(e.g., by moving downwards momentarily or tilting to one side). When apassenger then embarks the same vehicle, perhaps from an opposite sideor through the rear doors, the vehicle responds in aphysically-measurable manner, albeit with a different pattern. Eachdiscernible pattern or set of events reflects a known change in thevehicle status. A sequence of patterns can reflect, as in the aboveexample, that the vehicle, or its vehicle status, now likely includesboth the operator and the passenger. Similar physically-measurablepatterns can reflect when the operator or passenger leaves or disembarksa vehicle.

A vehicle also responds in a physically-measurable manner tooperator-based driving actions, e.g. by the operator turning the vehiclesharply at a corner. This enables the system to associate other eventsand patterns with an operator's driving behavior.

Sequences of patterns can be used to reflect changes both in the vehiclestatus and in the operator's driving behavior over a period of time, sayfrom the time an operator embarks the vehicle, through a series ofdriving maneuvers, up until the time of a later accident.

In accordance with an embodiment, an operator assessment and monitoringmodule 122 includes information about one or more vehicle operators,including for each operator an identifier (ID) 124 and additional dataor information 126 describing that operator and/or their typicaloperating characteristics. An operator feedback module 128 can be usedto provide immediate or local feedback to the operator depending ontheir current vehicle status and/or operator driving behavior.

Any resultant information, pattern matching, or driver feedback can alsobe remotely communicated to an external operator assessment andmonitoring system or service 132, which can provide additionalfunctionality, such as ensuring a driver's compliance with employment orother mandated driving requirements, or assessing a driver's suitabilityfor insurance reasons.

FIG. 2 shows another illustration of a system which uses patternrecognition in assessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator'sdriving behavior, in accordance with an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2,depending on the particular implementation, a selection of thecomponents of the system can be provided onboard or locally to thevehicle, while others of the components can be provided elsewhereseparately or remotely from the vehicle, or by a third-party. Forexample, in accordance with an embodiment, the vehicle 140 can include acollection and assessment system 142 that comprises one or more datacollection devices 144, a data collection module 146, a datacommunication module 148, and an operator feedback module 152. Anexternal operator assessment and monitoring system or service 160, whichin this example is provided separately from the vehicle, can include apattern recognition module 162 configured with one or more definedoperating patterns 163, and an operator assessment and monitoring module164 that includes information about one or more vehicle operators,including for each operator an operator ID 166 and additional data orinformation 166.

Different arrangements of modules/components can be provided inaccordance with different embodiments to suit particularimplementations. In some embodiments, the pattern recognition module canbe provided onboard or locally to the vehicle, to provide immediate orlocal feedback to the operator depending on a current status of theirvehicle and/or their current driving behavior, without a need for anexternal system or service. For example, a system including localfeedback might determine that too many passengers have embarked thevehicle for preferred safe driving, and communicate this information tothe operator prior to them starting the vehicle.

As further shown in FIG. 2, the information collected describing acurrent vehicle/operator status or driving pattern can be compared 170with known operating patterns, and the results of the comparison used inproviding operator feedback and/or updating operator profile data and/orproviding other services such as assessment or monitoring of operatorbehavior 180.

FIG. 3 shows another illustration of a system which uses patternrecognition in assessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator'sdriving behavior, in accordance with an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 3,depending on the particular implementation, the system can be used toassess and monitor a plurality of vehicles or their operators. Inaccordance with an embodiment, each vehicle 200, 210 comprises a datacollection and assessment system 202, 212 that comprises one or moredata collection devices 204, 214 (e.g., accelerometers), and a datacollection module 206, 216. An external operator assessment andmonitoring system or service 220 that includes a pattern recognitionmodule 222 further comprises an operator assessment and monitoringmodule 224 that includes information about a plurality of vehicleoperators, including for each operator an identifier (ID) 226, 228, 230and additional data or information 232, 234, 236 describing thatoperator or their operating characteristics.

FIG. 4 shows an illustration of a system which uses pattern recognitionin assessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator's drivingbehavior, as it may be used with a vehicle and driver, in accordancewith another embodiment. As shown in FIG. 4, while a vehicle 250 isused, and as events happen or as time passes T1 (252), T2 (254), T3(256), current vehicle/operator data is communicated to a datacollection and assessment system 260 (which as described above can beprovided onboard to the vehicle or remotely via telematics). Theinformation can then be used by or communicated to an operatorassessment and monitoring system or service 262, which can provideadditional functionality, such as ensuring a driver's compliance withemployment or other mandated driving requirements, or assessing adriver's suitability for insurance reasons, including, e.g., taking intoaccount a driver's reaction to variations in the road 264, cornering,and other driving situations.

FIG. 5 shows another illustration of a system which uses patternrecognition in assessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator'sdriving behavior, in accordance with an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 5,in accordance with an embodiment the vehicle 270 can be equipped with adata collection and assessment system 272, including a data collectionmodule 276, data communication module 278, and accelerometers 280 asdata collection devices 274, or similar devices used to measure changesin acceleration or direction of a vehicle. Information can be collectedfrom a plurality of (in the illustrated example) X 282, Y 284, and Z 286axis-measuring accelerometers, and collectively used to provide acurrent vehicle/operator data 290. The pattern recognition module 300can be configured with one or more defined operating patterns 302, 304,306, each of which reflects a known vehicle/operator status or drivingpattern based on accelerometer data. The information provided regardingcurrent vehicle/operator accelerometer-based-data can be compared withthe known accelerometer-based operating patterns, and the results of thecomparison used providing of operator feedback and/or updating ofoperator profile data and/or other services such as assessment ormonitoring of operator behavior.

FIG. 6 shows an illustration of examples of data to be used with patternrecognition in assessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator'sdriving behavior, in accordance with an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 6,in accordance with an embodiment wherein the data collection andassessment system utilize accelerometers, or similar devices used tomeasure changes in acceleration or direction of a vehicle, informationcan be collected from a plurality of X, Y, and Z axis-measuringaccelerometers (320, 322, 324), and collectively used to provide acurrent vehicle/operating data 326. For example, as described above,when an operator or passenger embarks or disembarks a vehicle on thedriver's side, the vehicle responds in a physically-measurable manner.In accordance with an embodiment, the accelerometers can detect theminor accelerations in the vehicle when a person enters the car andcloses the door, takes a corner or brakes sharply, or drives in a mannerconsidered unsafe. The information collected describing a currentvehicle/operator status or driving pattern can be compared with knownoperating patterns, and the results of the comparison used in providingoperator feedback and/or updating operator profile data and/or providingother services such as assessment or monitoring of operator behavior328.

As further shown in FIG. 6, each of the graphs 320, 322, 342 can showaccelerations in the X, Y, and Z axes respectively for a stationaryvehicle. Each time a passenger enter/exits the vehicle and the engine ison, the system registers a low amplitude up and down motion hoveringaround value 128 +−2 units for a non-event average, followed by a minorperturbation simultaneous in all three axes where the amplitude jumpsabove the “normal” amplitude. The system can recognize these up and downcharacteristics as a known pattern.

In accordance with an embodiment, further discernment can include, e.g.recognizing minor variations in the pattern to determine the vehiclebeing pushed to the left, representative of an entry on the right side;or the vehicle being pushed forward and to the right, representative ofan entry to the left-rear side. Information such as this can be used toensure a driver's compliance with employment or other mandated drivingrequirements, or assessing a driver's suitability for insurance reasons,including, e.g. preventing insurance fraud, detecting patterns and thenusing occurrences of said patterns when they occur, to say with somelevel of confidence (a confidence coefficient) that an event of certaintype occurred, which is particularly useful for post-accidentinvestigations.

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of a method of using pattern recognition inassessing or monitoring a vehicle status or an operator's drivingbehavior, in accordance with an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 7, at step350, one or more known operating patterns are defined for use by thepattern recognition module. At step 352, while the vehicle is beingused, current vehicle operating data is collected via data collectiondevices (e.g. accelerometers), for one or more operators. At step 254,the current vehicle/operator data is compared with operating patternsusing pattern recognition module, to assess or monitor current operator.At step 356, the system provides operator feedback and/or updates ofoperator profile data and/or provides other services such as assessmentor monitoring of operator behavior.

In accordance with various embodiments, the above-described systems andmethods can be employed in a variety of use cases. For example, thesystem can be used in conjunction with an automatic rescue or emergencydispatch system, wherein information about the number of passengers in avehicle can be automatically communicated to a central rescue oremergency service. As another example, the system can be used inconjunction with systems for parental or otherwise tracking the habitsof younger drivers, e.g. to ensure that the number of passengers withina vehicle is kept within certain predefined limits, or for vehicleinsurance purposes.

The present invention may be conveniently implemented using one or moreconventional general purpose or specialized digital computers ormicroprocessors programmed according to the teachings of the presentdisclosure. Appropriate software coding can readily be prepared byskilled programmers based on the teachings of the present disclosure, aswill be apparent to those skilled in the software art.

In some embodiments, the present invention includes a computer programproduct which is a non-transitory storage medium (media) havinginstructions stored thereon/in which can be used to program a computerto perform any of the processes of the present invention. The storagemedium can include, but is not limited to, any type of disk includingfloppy disks, optical discs, DVD, CO-ROMs, microdrive, andmagneto-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, DRAMs, VRAMs, flashmemory devices, magnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (includingmolecular memory ICs), or any type of media or device suitable forstoring instructions and/or data.

The foregoing description of the present invention has been provided forthe purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Theembodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and its practical application, therebyenabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention forvarious embodiments and with various modifications that are suited tothe particular use contemplated. For example, although many of theillustrations provided herein describe embodiments using vehicles andaccelerometers, it will be evident that the systems and techniquesdescribed herein can be used with operator-controlled devices other thanvehicles, such as trains and ships, and with other types of datacollection devices. It is intended that the scope of the invention bedefined by the following claims and their equivalence.

The foregoing has been a detailed description of illustrativeembodiments of the invention. It is noted that in the presentspecification and claims appended hereto, conjunctive language such asis used in the phrases “at least one of X, Y and Z” and “one or more ofX, Y, and Z,” unless specifically stated or indicated otherwise, shallbe taken to mean that each item in the conjunctive list can be presentin any number exclusive of every other item in the list or in any numberin combination with any or all other item(s) in the conjunctive list,each of which may also be present in any number. Applying this generalrule, the conjunctive phrases in the foregoing examples in which theconjunctive list consists of X, Y, and Z shall each encompass: one ormore of X; one or more of Y; one or more of Z; one or more of X and oneor more of Y; one or more of Y and one or more of Z; one or more of Xand one or more of Z; and one or more of X, one or more of Y and one ormore of Z.

Various modifications and additions can be made without departing fromthe spirit and scope of this invention. Features of each of the variousembodiments described above may be combined with features of otherdescribed embodiments as appropriate in order to provide a multiplicityof feature combinations in associated new embodiments. Furthermore,while the foregoing describes a number of separate embodiments, what hasbeen described herein is merely illustrative of the application of theprinciples of the present invention. Additionally, although particularmethods herein may be illustrated and/or described as being performed ina specific order, the ordering is highly variable within ordinary skillto achieve aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, thisdescription is meant to be taken only by way of example, and not tootherwise limit the scope of this invention.

Exemplary embodiments have been disclosed above and illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. It will be understood by those skilled in the artthat various changes, omissions and additions may be made to that whichis specifically disclosed herein without departing from the spirit andscope of the present invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented, in-vehicle system fordetermining status of a stationary vehicle, comprising: a threeperpendicular component accelerometer located in the vehicle andconfigured to generate vehicle acceleration data representing changes inacceleration acting on the stationary vehicle; a memory containingpredefined acceleration patterns representing motion of the vehicleresponsive to accelerations acting on the vehicle, includingaccelerations acting on the vehicle while stationary; and amicroprocessor programmed to receive said vehicle acceleration data fromthe accelerometer and to compare, using pattern recognition, thepredefined acceleration patterns to the vehicle acceleration data and,upon finding one or more pattern matches, to make a determination ofstationary vehicle status corresponding to the matched accelerationpattern.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said predefined vehicleacceleration patterns stored in memory for accelerations acting on thestationary vehicle comprise patterns representing motion of the vehicleresponsive to vehicle occupant entry and exit events.
 3. The system ofclaim 2, wherein said predefined vehicle acceleration patternsrepresenting motion of the vehicle responsive to vehicle occupant entryand exit events are acceleration patterns correlated to opening andclosing of vehicle doors.
 4. The system of claim 2, further comprising atelecommunications device in communication with the microprocessorwherein, in the event of an emergency, a number of vehicle entry andexit events is automatically communicated to a rescue or emergencyservice.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein said predefined vehicleacceleration patterns stored in memory for accelerations acting on thestationary vehicle comprise acceleration patterns correlated to vehicleaccidents.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein: said system is furtherconfigured to determine vehicle operator driving actions; and saidpredefined vehicle acceleration patterns stored in memory furtherinclude patterns representing operator-based driving actions withrespect to a moving vehicle, and said microprocessor is furtherprogrammed, using said pattern recognition and, upon finding one or morepattern matches to patterns representing operator-based driving actions,to make a determination of operator driving actions.
 7. The system ofclaim 6, wherein the predefined acceleration patterns are specific toone or more of an individual operator and a type of vehicle.
 8. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein at least one of said memory andmicroprocessor are located within the vehicle.
 9. The system of claim 1,wherein said memory and microprocessor are located remotely from thevehicle and communicate remotely with the vehicle to receive saidvehicle acceleration data.
 10. A method of using pattern recognition ina computer-implemented, in-vehicle system for determining status of astationary vehicle, comprising: measuring vehicle accelerationresponsive to externally applied force acting on the vehicle, includingacceleration responsive to externally applied force acting on thestationary vehicle, along three perpendicular axes using anaccelerometer located in the vehicle; storing, in a computer memory,predefined vehicle acceleration patterns representing motion of thevehicle responsive to accelerations acting on the vehicle, includingaccelerations acting on the vehicle while stationary; and using amicroprocessor programmed with pattern recognition instructions,comparing the predefined acceleration patterns, with the measuredvehicle accelerations and determining a number of vehicle entry and exitevents at any given time.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein saidpredefined patterns stored in memory for accelerations acting on thestationary vehicle comprise patterns representing motion of the vehicleresponsive to vehicle occupant entry and exit events.
 12. The method ofclaim 11, wherein said predefined vehicle acceleration patternsrepresenting motion of the vehicle responsive to vehicle occupant entryand exit events further comprise acceleration patterns correlated toopening and closing of vehicle doors.
 13. The method of claim 11,further comprising the step of automatically communicating the number ofvehicle entry and exit events to a rescue or emergency service in theevent of an emergency using a telecommunications device in communicationwith the microprocessor.
 14. The method of claim 10, wherein saidpredefined patterns stored in memory for accelerations acting on thestationary vehicle comprise acceleration patterns correlated to vehicleaccidents.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein: said method furtherdetermines vehicle operator driving actions; and said predefined vehicleacceleration patterns comprise patterns representing operator-baseddriving actions with respect to a moving vehicle, and said comparingfurther comprises determining an operator driving behavior based on oneor more pattern matches of said measured vehicle accelerations to saidpredefined vehicle acceleration patterns representing operator-baseddriving actions.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the vehicleacceleration patterns are specific to one or more of an individualoperator and a type of vehicle.
 17. The method of claim 10, furthercomprising communicating the measured vehicle acceleration to saidmicroprocessor.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said memory andmicroprocessor are located remotely from the vehicle and communicateremotely with the vehicle to receive said measured vehicle acceleration.19. The method of claim 17, wherein at least one of said memory andmicroprocessor is located on board the vehicle.
 20. Acomputer-implemented, in-vehicle system for determining stationaryvehicle status and vehicle operator driving actions, comprising: a threeperpendicular component accelerometer located in the vehicle andconfigured to generate vehicle acceleration data representing changes inacceleration acting on the vehicle; a memory containing predefinedacceleration patterns representing motion of the vehicle responsive toaccelerations acting on the vehicle, said predefined accelerationpatterns including— patterns representing vehicle motion responsive tovehicle occupant entry and exit events with respect to a stationaryvehicle, patterns representing vehicle motion responsive to vehicleaccidents with respect to a stationary vehicle, and patternsrepresenting operator-based driving actions with respect to an operatedvehicle, wherein the predefined acceleration patterns are specific toone or more of an individual operator and a type of vehicle; amicroprocessor programmed to receive said vehicle acceleration data fromthe accelerometer and to compare, using pattern recognition, thepredefined acceleration patterns to the vehicle acceleration data and,upon finding one or more pattern matches, to make determination ofstationary vehicle status and vehicle operator driving actionscorresponding to matched acceleration patterns; and a telecommunicationsdevice disposed in the vehicle in communication with the microprocessorwherein, in the event of an emergency, determined vehicle status can beautomatically communicated to a remote party.
 21. The system of claim20, wherein said memory and microprocessor comprise a vehicle telematicssystem disposed within the vehicle.
 22. The system of claim 20, whereinsaid memory and microprocessor are remotely located external to thevehicle.